Rhetorical Analysis (Free-Response Question 2 on the
AP Exam)
In May 2012 former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, who was
the first African American woman to hold that position, gave a commencement
speech to the graduating class of Southern Methodist University, a private
university in Dallas, Texas. The full speech, and a transcript are available on
the Southern Methodist University website (https://www.smu.edu/News/2012/
commencement-Condoleezza-Rice-speech). The relevant passage for analysis
begins with the sentence “What do I mean by human progress?” and ends with
the sentence “You see, things that seem impossible often seem inevitable
in retrospect.” Read the passage carefully. Write an essay that analyzes the
rhetorical choices Rice makes to convey her message to her audience.
In your response you should do the following:
§ Respond to the prompt with a thesis that analyzes the writer’s rhetorical choices.
§ Select and use evidence to support your line of reasoning.
§ Explain how the evidence supports your line of reasoning.
§ Demonstrate an understanding of the rhetorical situation.
§ Use appropriate grammar and punctuation in communicating your argument.

”

Now what do I mean by human progress? I believe that all human beings share certain fundamental aspirations. They want protections for their lives and their liberties. They want to think freely and to worship as they wish. They want opportunities to educate their children, both boys and girls. And they want the dignity that comes with having to be asked for their consent to be governed.

All too often, difference has been used to divide and dehumanize. I grew up in Birmingham, Alabama – a place quite properly called the most segregated city in America – and I know how it feels to hold aspirations when half your neighbors think that you’re incapable of or uninterested in anything higher. And I know there are some in this audience who have perhaps faced the same.

And in my professional life, I have listened in disbelief as it has been said of men and women in Asia and Africa and Latin America and Eastern Europe and Russia, from time to time, that they did not share the basic aspirations of all human beings. Somehow these people were just “different.” That meant “unworthy of what we enjoy.” “Maybe they’re just not ready for democracy,” it would be said. But of course this was once said even about black people. We were just too childlike. We didn’t care about rights or citizenship or the vote. We didn’t care about freedom and liberty.

Well, today in the Middle East, the last bastion of that argument, people are putting a nail in the coffin of that idea. They are not just seeking their freedom, they are seizing it. But freedom and democracy are not the same thing. Freedom and rights have to be institutionalized into rule of law, into constitutions. And if you don’t think constitutions matter, just remember this: When Martin Luther King Jr. wanted to say that segregation was wrong, in my hometown of Birmingham, he didn’t have to say that the United States had to be something else – only that the United States had to be what it said it was. That is why the creed matters.

But stable democracy requires more than just the institutionalization of freedom. It requires that there can be no tyranny of the majority. And most importantly, it requires that the strong cannot exploit the weak. Indeed, democracy is only as strong as its weakest link. And indeed, if every life is equal before the law, and within the eyes of God, then every life is worthy. Every life is capable of greatness. And it truly doesn’t matter where you came from, it matters where you are going.

At SMU, you have been taught the importance of service. You have been taught to serve those who are less fortunate. And yes, it will help them, but it will help you more. Because when you encounter those who are less fortunate, you cannot possibly give way to aggrievement – “Why do I not have?” – or its twin brother, entitlement – “Why don’t they give me?” In fact, you will ask instead, not “Why do I not have?” but “Why have I been given so much?” And from that spirit, you will join the legions of impatient patriots and optimists who are working toward a better human future. And yes, sometimes it seems very hard indeed. But always remember in those times of trial, that what seems impossible seems inevitable in retrospect.”